Tag: C#

In this article I will try to briefly explain main differences between interface and abstract class concepts in .Net. Although the differences can appear to be very subtle and little important, badly design inheritance can lead to massive problems and great mess in the code.

Abstract Class

Accordingly to MSDN abstract classes “are classes that cannot be instantiated (…), useful when creating components because they allow you specify an invariant level of functionality in some methods, but leave the implementation of other methods until a specific implementation of that class is needed. They also version well, because if additional functionality is needed in derived classes, it can be added to the base class without breaking code.”

Do declare abstract class following syntax is required:

abstract class Car()
{
    public Car() { };
    public string Make { get; set; }
    abstract public void Drive();
}

This class cannot be instantiated so following line will cause compiler throwing error:

Car a = new Car(); // this won’t compile

The only way to instantiate class Car is by creating child class that will inherit from it:

public class OffRoadCar : Car
{
    public OffRoadCar();
    public void Switch4WD(bool On)
    {
        // method code
    };
}

Because class OffRoadCar inherits from Car, following code will work:

OffRoadCar offroader = new OffRoadCar();
offroader.Switch4WD(true); // from OffRoadClass
offroader.Drive(); // from Car class

Interface

Interface, after MSDN, is a “definition that can never change after the interface definition has been released. This interface invariance is an important principle of component design, because it protects existing systems that have been written to use the interface.”

Interface cannot be instantiated, but serve as sort of pattern for derived classes, that share and implement specific features. Derived classes can also extend interface functionality, by defining extra members. Following code demonstrates sample interface:

public interface ICar
{
    string Make { get; set; }
    void Drive();
}

Because interface can serve as a “template” for series of classes, implementing it is a way of ensuring that all derived object will have set of common features. In example:

public class SportsCar : ICar
{
    public string Make { get; set; } // required from ICar
    public bool IsConvertible { get; set; } // adds extra feature
    public void Drive() // required by ICar
    { 

    };
}

public class Van : ICar
{
    public string Make { get; set; } // required from ICar
    public double LoadWeight { get; set; } // adds extra feature
    public void Drive() // required by ICar
    { 

    };
}

Because both SportsCar and Van classes inherit from ICar interface, they are forced to have common set of features (Make property and Drive() method). Thanks to that it is possible to write:

List<ICar> vehicles = new {
    new SportsCar() { Make = "Ferrari", IsConvertible = false },
    new Van() { Make = "Ford", LoadWeight = 3000 }
};

foreach(ICar car in vehicles)
{
    Console.WriteLine(car.Make);
}

Conclusion

In opposite to abstract class, interface cannot implement any default functionality in its methods. It also cannot implement default constructor. This is why we say we implement interface and inherit from abstract class.

Class may implement an unlimited number of interfaces, but may inherit from only one abstract class. A class that is derived from an abstract class may still implement interfaces.

Abstract classes and interfaces play extremely important role in programming concept called polymorphism, which in essence is “ability for classes to provide different implementations of methods that are called by the same name” (MSDN).

Resources

• http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/k535acbf(v=vs.71).aspx
• http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dyc5b94e(v=VS.71).aspx
• http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/abstractsvsinterfaces.aspx